CTL and NK cell assays
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Splenic mononuclear cells were prepared from individual mice one week after immunization.
- The cells were cultured at 37°C for 2 h and non-adherent cells were used as NK effector cells.
- To prepare CTL effector…
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Splenic mononuclear cells were prepared from individual mice one week after immunization.
- The cells were cultured at 37°C for 2 h and non-adherent cells were used as NK effector cells.
- To prepare CTL effector cells, splenic mononuclear cells (5×106) were co-cultured with 5×105 of mitomycin C (50 µg/mL, 40 min) inactivated B16 cells in 5 mL RPMI 1640 containing 10% FBS and 20 units/mL of recombinant IL-2 .
- Five days later, the cells were harvested, purified by Ficoll gradient centrifugation and used as CTL effector cells.
- The NK and CTL-mediated cytotoxicities were determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay.
- Briefly, Yac-1 cells at 2×104/well were cultured in quadruplicate with the prepared NK at the ratios of 12.5, 25, and 50 effector to target cells, respectively in 5% FBS phenol-free RPMI 1640 in 96-well plates at 37°C for 4 h. The target cells or effector NK cells cultured in medium alone (negative) or treated with 1% triton X-100 (positive) were used as controls, respectively.
- After centrifugation, their supernatants were harvested and the contents of LDH were determined using the CytoTox96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxixity Assay kit, according to the manufacturer's instructions .
- The similar procedures were performed for CTL assays using B16 or irrelevant syngeneic control hepa 1–6 cells as targets, respectively.
- The cytotoxicity was calculated by the formula:
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Foxp3 DEREG mice were injected with 0.75 μg of DT in PBS i.p.
- on days −2 and −1, and on days 2, 5, and 8 after RSV infection to induce and maintain Foxp3+ T-cell depletion.
- IL-2 Cx were…
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Foxp3 DEREG mice were injected with 0.75 μg of DT in PBS i.p.
- on days −2 and −1, and on days 2, 5, and 8 after RSV infection to induce and maintain Foxp3+ T-cell depletion.
- IL-2 Cx were obtained by mixing 1 μg rmIL-2 and 5 μg anti-IL-2 ( eBioscience, San Diego, CA), and incubating at 37°C for 30 min.
- Age- and sex-matched BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice received daily i.p.
- injections of IL-2 Cx or PBS for three consecutive days.
- In some experiments, mice were additionally injected i.p.
- with 50 μl of rabbit anti-mouse asialo GM1 on days −2, 0, and 3 , or with 200 μl of anti-CD25 antibody (PC61; 1 mg ml−1) on days −1 and 3.
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Cytokine Assays
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ELISAs were also performed to assess levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, and interferon (IFN)-γ in the supernatant of the MLCs on day 4.
- The capture monoclonal antibody (mAb) (JES5-2A5), detection mAb (JES5-16E3), and recombinant standard for IL-10…
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ELISAs were also performed to assess levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, and interferon (IFN)-γ in the supernatant of the MLCs on day 4.
- The capture monoclonal antibody (mAb) (JES5-2A5), detection mAb (JES5-16E3), and recombinant standard for IL-10 were from .
- The capture and detection mAbs for IL-2 (JES6-1A12 and JES6-5H4, respectively), IL-4 (BVD-1D11 and BVD-24G2), and IFN-γ (R4-6A2 and XMG1.2) were from .
- Recombinant standards for IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ were from .
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Passive transfer of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
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Nine days post induction mice were killed and cells were obtained from the spleen and lymph nodes.
- Cells were suspended in Roswell Park medium'>Memorial medium'>Institute medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum,…
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Nine days post induction mice were killed and cells were obtained from the spleen and lymph nodes.
- Cells were suspended in Roswell Park medium'>Memorial medium'>Institute medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 1 mM L-glutamine, antibiotics, MOG35-55 (20 μg/mL) and mouse recombinant IL-2 (50 units/mL, , , ) and incubated for three days in a CO2 humidified incubator.
- Cells were harvested and live cells were separated with Ficoll-Paque (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB, Uppsala, Sweden) and injected into naïve mice.
- In control groups of cells extracts, cells were frozen after separation, thawed three times and then injected into naïve mice.
- On the day of inoculation and 48 hours later, 100 ng of pertussis toxin in 0.1 mL saline was also administered by intraperitoneal injection.
- Mice were followed for clinical symptoms of EAE and evaluated according to a 0 to 6 point score (0 represents no clinical signs and 6 represents death as a result of disease).
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2.7. Mixed Leukocyte Culture and Cytokine Assays
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An ELISA was also performed to assess levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, and interferon (IFN)-γ in the supernatant of the MLC on day 4.
- The capture mAb (JES5-2A5), detection mAb (JES5-16E3), and recombinant standard for IL-10 were…
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An ELISA was also performed to assess levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, and interferon (IFN)-γ in the supernatant of the MLC on day 4.
- The capture mAb (JES5-2A5), detection mAb (JES5-16E3), and recombinant standard for IL-10 were from .
- The capture and detection mAbs for IL-2 (JES6-1A12 and JES6-5H4, resp.
- ), IL-4 (BVD-1D11 and BVD-24G2, resp.
- ), and IFN-γ (R4-6A2 and XMG1.2, resp.)
- were from .
- Recombinant standards for IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ were from .
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Viral replication in CD4+ PBL cultures
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To determine the efficiency of HIV-1 replication in peripheral blood CD4+ lymphocytes, we isolated CD4+ cells from buffy coat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (normal blood donors, Red Cross, Ghent, Belgium)…
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To determine the efficiency of HIV-1 replication in peripheral blood CD4+ lymphocytes, we isolated CD4+ cells from buffy coat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (normal blood donors, Red Cross, Ghent, Belgium) by negative selection using paramagnetic beads (MACS , , ).
- After isolation, the cells were cultured in medium'>RPMI medium supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamin, 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, phytohemagglutinin (1 μg/mL , , ), 20 ng/mL IL-2 , 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 g/mL streptomycin.
- Thereafter, 1 ng of p24 antigen was added to 2,5*105 PBLs, and the culture was spinoculated at 2,300 rpm for 90 minutes at 32°C.
- After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed and the cells were further cultured in RPMI supplemented with 20 ng/mL IL-2.
- HIV replication was monitored at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 days post-infection by measuring the amount of p24 antigen present in the supernatants, using a HIV p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit .
- Alternatively, we also determined the expression of the HSA reporter gene at each time point using flow cytometry, as was described before [
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CD4+ T cell cultures
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CD4+ T cells were purified using DynaBeads FlowComp mouse CD4 kit and were activated on αCD3/αCD28 coated plates under the following culture conditions: TH1 conditions: αIL4 10μg/ml (11B11) 0.1μg/ml IFNγ , 10u/ml…
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CD4+ T cells were purified using DynaBeads FlowComp mouse CD4 kit and were activated on αCD3/αCD28 coated plates under the following culture conditions: TH1 conditions: αIL4 10μg/ml (11B11) 0.1μg/ml IFNγ , 10u/ml IL12, 40u/ml; TH2 conditions: αIL12 10μg/ml (Tosh, ), αIFNγ 10μg/ml (XMG1.2, ), 10ng/ml IL4 , 40u/ml; TH17 conditiions: IL-6 25ng/ml , TGFβ 2ng/ml , IL1β 10ng/ml , αIL4 10 μg/ml (11B11, ), αIFNγ 10μg/ml (XMG1.2, ), and αIL12 10μg/ml (Tosh, ).
- IL2 (40u/ml) was added for the TH17 cultures in
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Proliferation of CD4+ T cells cultured with stimulated or non-stimulated BMDCs.
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CD4+ T cells were isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice, labeled with CFSE and co-cultured for 7 days with BMDCs (non-stimulated, stimulated with LPS or Trichinella spiralis antigens) in the presence of recombinant mouse IL-2…
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CD4+ T cells were isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice, labeled with CFSE and co-cultured for 7 days with BMDCs (non-stimulated, stimulated with LPS or Trichinella spiralis antigens) in the presence of recombinant mouse IL-2 and anti-CD3 antibody.
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Treg conversion assay
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Previously harvested BMDCs (nonstimulated and stimulated with LPS or T.
- spiralis antigens) were seeded in 96-well round-bottomed cell culture plates at 2.5 × 103 cells/well.
- CD4+ CD25− T cells were added at…
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Previously harvested BMDCs (nonstimulated and stimulated with LPS or T.
- spiralis antigens) were seeded in 96-well round-bottomed cell culture plates at 2.5 × 103 cells/well.
- CD4+ CD25− T cells were added at 5 × 104 cells/well to obtain a final CD4+ CD25− T cell/BMDCs ratio of 20:1.
- OVA (323–339) was added in each well to a final concentration of 0.2 μg/mL.
- Co-cultivated cells were divided into three groups treated with: 40 μg/mL anti-TGF-β (111) antibody as negative control , 2 ng/mL TGF-β as positive control or 40 μg/mL of control mouse IgG .
- On days 1 and 3 of cultivation, rhIL-2 was added in each well to a concentration of 5 ng/mL.
- On day 4, cells were harvested and surface stained for CD4 and CD25, as well as intra-cellular stained for Foxp3 (eBioscience; according to manufacturer’s protocol), as described above.
- Flow cytometry was performed on a FACSCalibur .
- At least 10 000 gated events were acquired per sample, and data analysis was performed with FlowJo software.
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Cell analysis and transfection
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For dendritic cell (DC) production, murine bone marrow cells were harvested from femurs of C57BL/6 (B6) mice and plated out in a single-cell suspension in 100ml medium'>RPMI medium (medium'>RPMI…
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For dendritic cell (DC) production, murine bone marrow cells were harvested from femurs of C57BL/6 (B6) mice and plated out in a single-cell suspension in 100ml medium'>RPMI medium (medium'>RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FCS, 1mM sodium pyruvate, 2mM L-glutamine, 25mM HEPES buffer, and 50µM 2-ME) in 6 well tissue culture plates (6ml/well).
- GM- CSF was added at 20ng/ml and the cells incubated at 37°C for 7 d. NK cells were isolated from spleens taken from B6 mice using biotinylated anti-CD49b (DX5) antibody ( 553856) together with the CELLection Biotin Binder Kit ( 115–33D).
- NK cells were resuspended at 2 x106 cells/ml in medium'>DMEM medium (medium'>DMEM with 10% FCS, 100U/ml penicillin and streptomycin, 1mM sodium pyruvate, 2mM glutamine, 50µM 2-ME) containing 1000U rIL-2 /ml (212–12) in a 96-well U- bottomed plate and incubated at 37°C for 4 d.
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