Forced premature expression of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 impairs normal muscle repair.
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Recombinant IL-10 or IGF-1 (used as a control) was injected twice during the early stages of regeneration after CTX injury (Inj.).
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Induction of Alternatively Activated RAW Macrophages by Th2 Cytokines: The RAW264.7 cell line (1×105) was treated with a combination of 10 ng/mL each of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 for 72 h, with the cytokine mixture added every 24 h. The resulting cells were macrophages in alternative activation state, named as IL-treated RAW macrophages.
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Mice, BMDM preparation, and stimulation
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C57BL/6J wild type and C57BL/6J Cot/tpl2 KO animals were produced from heterozygous mice (Cot/tpl2 KO+/− × Cot/tpl2 KO+/−), and C57BL/6J Cot/tpl2 KD animals were produced from heterozygous C57BL/6J Cot/tpl2 KD+/− mice.
- All animals received care according to methods approved under institutional guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals in research.
- BMDM were obtained as previously described ( ; L726, , ), poly I:C , zymosan , or IL-10 .
- PD 0325901 and rapamycin were gifts from, respectively, Philip Cohen (Dundee, Scotland) and Victor Calvo .
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Determination of cytokine activity
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Cytokine production in RAW 264.7 macrophages was examined using the following methodology: murine spleen cells were cultured in medium'>DMEM medium 0.5% FBS (starvation medium) overnight, followed by treatment with and without lipopolysaccharide and LCS101 for 24 hours.
- The plates were centrifuged and the supernatant analyzed for cytokine secretion.
- Cytokine levels were measured using murine IL-10 and TNF-α ELISA development kits and mouse IFN-γ using anElipair kit .
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Macrophage polarization
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After 8 days, differentiated macrophages were harvested, counted and suspended in R10 + 15% LCM.
- Cells (3.5x105 cells/well) were plated in 24-wells plates and kept overnight in order to adhere again.
- The next day, differentiated macrophages were polarized for 24h with interferon-γ (IFNγ) (100U/ml ) for M1, interleukin (IL)-4 (20ng/ml) for M2a or IL-10 (10ng/ml& ) for M2c macrophages.
- Non-polarized cells are referred to as M0 macrophages.
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Tsc1 BMDMs Have Defective M2 Polarization and Enhanced Responses to LPS stimulation a. Immunoblot analysis of WT BMDMs stimulated with LPS or IL-4 for 15–60 min as indicated.
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c. Measurement of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 secretion by ELISA after treatment with LPS for 3h and 6h, (n=2 representative experiments).
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Concentration-dependent phosphorylation of AKT/STAT3 by IL-10 in HSFs.
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After a 30-min incubation with various doses of IL-10, cells were harvested and analyzed by Western blotting.
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Induction of M2 macrophages.
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Gene expression analysis for M2 markers in M0 control, M2a and M2c bone marrow derived macrophages after 24 h of IL-4 (for M2a) or IL-10 (for M2c) polarization.
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